DOG DIETARY NEEDS AND CALORIE INTAKE

A nutritious, well balanced diet ensures a strong-boned, well muscled, healthy shiny coated dog. Ensure that the food you provide is part of a well balanced diet.  If your dog is overweight reduce its calorie intake and increase its exercise.

Correct feeding methods.

Obtain food from a reputable pet food manufacturer.
Don't give spoiled or stale food to your dog.
Control what your dog eats. Don't feed your dog cat food. It is too high in protein.
Always serve your dog's food at room temperature.
Uneaten food should be disposed off.
Watch your dog's weight. Prevent obesity. Feed according to manufacture's instructions.

Bones and chews help to exercise jaw muscles and is also good for dental hygiene. Don't give your dog brittle bones.
Take note of your dogs eating patterns. Consult a vet if your dog refuses to eat.
Provide separate bowls for different dogs.
Drinking more water than usual may be and indication of an internal disorder.
Protein, which maintains the metabolic processes, should not form more than half of a dog's diet. 
The remainder of his daily calories should come from carbohydrates, which ensure regular bowel movements. 
Remember to include the calorie count of treats when calculating his daily intake. 

Supplements
Ensure that the correct amount of calcium and vitamin tablets as prescribed by a vet form part of your dog's diet.

Approximate daily calories required for adult dogs.

Dog type                                     Calories required

Toy 5 kg ( 11 lb )                                210 calories          
e.g. Toy Fox Terrier

Small 10 kg ( 22 lb )                            590 calories
e.g. Pomeranian

Medium 20 kg ( 45 lb )                        900 calories
e.g Staffordshire Bull Terrier

Large 40 kg ( 88 lb )                             1680 calories
e.g. French Mastiff

Giant 80 kg ( 176 lb )                             2800 calories
e.g. Tornjak

You should feed about 60 percent of the calories required for your dog's ideal weight. Since each dog has its own requirements the above indications should only be regarded as a guideline.

DOG TRAINING, EXERCISE AND PUNISHMENT

Most dogs are likely to develop habits that you find annoying or unpleasant. Disobedience is more likely to be found in confident and independent dogs than in submissive or shy ones. A dog does not misbehave to punish its owner. It is more often the other way around.

Dogs need punishment so that they can discern between right and wrong and also to teach them what is acceptable and what is not. Without some form of punitive measures there would be no way of conveying the message to him.

Two forms of punishment are usually applied, namely positive and negative punishment. Positive punishment entails verbal correction, and giving the leash a gentle tug. Take care not to injure the dog. Your dog should associate this act with an unpleasant event or reprimand. Using positive punishment incorrectly or immoderately, may result in serious complications. It is highly recommended that you consult an experienced dog trainer before doing so.
Negative punishment entails the restriction of incentives he normally would have gotten. Do not lose patience if you don't get the required results immediately.

A few ways of  negative punishment are listed below and should be imposed immediately after the unwanted behavior so that the dog associates this with its bad behavior.

Place your dog in an isolated room for a short period of time.
Take away his favorite toys for while.
Don't give any attention to your dog for a certain period of time, also avoiding eye contact.
Don't reward him with his normal treat.

Dogs should not be physically punished for bad behavior.

Exercise

Exercise is one of the main way in which dogs keep their muscle tone, bones, joints, and mind healthy. If a dog is denied physical and mental activity, its energy may be released in destructive and unacceptable behavior.

Some breeds of dogs are more active and need more exercise than others. Age and state of health should also be taken into consideration.

Types of exercises

Retrieving objects

The most well known of dog exercises, the fetch game involves you throwing a ball or frisbee and your dog running after it and returning it to you. Chasing games stimulate natural canine behavior.

Tug-of-war and playing with each other
Playing games with dogs reinforces your authority. The dog depends on you to provide the toys such as knotted ropes and tug toys. Knotted ropes and tug toys can also be used for dogs to play together.

Exercise on the lead
Take your dog for daily walks. When walking among other pedestrians make use of an extendable lead that makes provision you for short lead control. It also provides for longer lead freedom to enable the dog to enjoy more freedom.

Exercise of the lead
When circumstances permit, afford your dog the opportunity to enjoy vigorous exercise, especially in cases of the more active breeds.